Google Nexus 10 versus 'All Others'

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The race between every gadget manufacturing giant these days is to overtake others in marketing a tablet that outscores all others. Google is at this these days - bringing out Nexus 10 that Google claims to be beat everything that is or looks like a tablet.

Google's Nexus 10, the larger tablet than the iPad and all other tablets is making headlines since its debut recently and gadgets geeks and hobbyists around the world are wanting to know more about it and its comparison with the rest of the tablets before emptying their wallets.

I came across a detailed comparison of Google Nexus 10 verses all others and thought of sharing a few specs, while the detailed comparison at IBN Live can be consulted for making a final decision.

Price:

• Google Nexus 10: $399 for 16 gigabytes of storage, $499 for 32 GB
• Apple iPad: Starts at $499 for 16 gigabytes of storage, goes up to $699 for 64 gigabytes, more for versions with cellular data access. (Apple still sells the older, iPad 2 for $399.)
• Amazon Kindle Fire: $299 for 16 gigabytes of storage, $369 for 32 GB.
• Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1: $399 for 16 gigabytes of storage
• Microsoft's Surface: $499 for 32 gigabytes of storage, $100 extra for keyboard cover. $699 for 64 GB version, includes keyboard cover.

Screen Size:

• Google Nexus 10: 10.1 inches diagonally
• Apple iPad:  9.7 inches diagonally
• Amazon Kindle Fire: 8.9 inches diagonally
• Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1: 10.1 inches diagonally
• Microsoft's Surface: 10.6 inches diagonally

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Screen Resolution:

• Google Nexus 10: 2560 by 1600 pixels
• Apple iPad: 2048 by 1536 pixels
• Amazon Kindle Fire: 1920 by 1200 pixels
• Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1: 1280 by 800 pixels
• Microsoft's Surface: 1366 by 768 pixels

Camera:

• Google Nexus 10: 5-megapixel camera on back and a low-resolution camera on front, for videoconferencing
• Apple iPad: 5-megapixel camera on back and a low-resolution camera on front, for videoconferencing
• Amazon Kindle Fire: Front-facing camera.
• Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1:  low-resolution front camera, 3-megapixel back.
• Microsoft's Surface: low-resolution front camera, 5-megapixel back.

Well what do you make out of it? Well as a layman, I would go for Google Nexus 10 for it surpasses all others in the above given specifications.

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29 October - the day when First Internet Message was sent 40 years ago

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Millions of people use internet daily round the clock as easily as drinking a glass of water or peeling of a banana. The use of internet has linked people of the entire world in real time, making the world a global village, interconnected and well linked. People living on extreme ends don’t feel a second’s lag in conversing and communicating with each other. Not only this, millions of pages of useful knowledge get uploaded on the internet for viewing by multiple of millions of viewers.

But few would know that the journey of internet wasn't that easy. It took “people” years to bring digital data visible to others rather than banking on tele-printers and other devices. Internet was known as ARPANET in 1969, when the first ever message was transmitted over it by Charley Kline, a student-programmer of UCLA, at 10:30 pm on 29th October 1969, just a few months after the first man stepped on the moon. Under the supervision of Professor Leonard Kleinrock, Kline transmitted from the university's SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the Stanford Research Institute's SDS 940 Host computer. The message text was the word "login"; but only the letters “l and o” could be transmitted after which the system crashed.

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The short message was the same as the 12 seconds or so flight time of the first aero plane built by the Wright Brothers in 1903. But as the technology developed, the ideas matured both for aircraft industry and the internet world. Today while we sit on our laptops or desktops and use the internet as easily as anything, the aero planes zoom over our heads, bringing the worlds together, connected and closer.

Shared via Jaho Jalal

Related Reading: History of Internet (Wikipedia)

First message photo by FastLizard4 (Flicker)

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Windows 8: What is different about it

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Whenever something new hits the market, specially in the field of technology, with special reference to gadgets, smartphones and computers OSs, there is sudden swarming by the gadgets lovers, geeks and developers. We saw the 'Gold Rush' as in case of iPhone 4S, iPhone 5 and Samsung Galaxy SII, SIII and so on.

But why there is quietness and inactivity as Microsoft unleashes its Window 8?

There are already news that big organizations and entrepreneurs are reluctant to part with their existing Windows 7 or earlier OSs and have not shown much enthusiasm in changing over to the new Windows 8.  But going through its many features, one does not find much fuss about it, but a few of course.

Like for instance you have to have a monitor with a touch screen. Now you and I know how many have it. So if your are thinking of truly enjoy the touch screen feature of the Windows 8, which seems to be 'the' feature, go buy a touchscreen monitor first before jumping inside the world of Windows 8.

Some of the other features of Windows 8 are:

Windows 8 is faster and smoother compared to Windows 7

It has a user friendly and simplistic interface - just like a tablet

Windows 8 has no start button - surprised? Well if you are a power user, you may not like the start button go missing - would you?

There are not many apps tailor made for Windows 8 - while it make take a while, you may have to bear with the ones provided by the OS.

Now so far so good. So if you decide to buy Windows 8, be sure which of its versions to buy - it may leave you with some homework and knowledge about your hard work.

Windows 8 (RT) - is the most basic version of Windows 8, designed for for computers or tablets that run on ARM processors. So if your computer or tab has AMD or Intel processor it can't be powered by Windows RT. And it cannot run X86 programs - goodbye to legacy apps.And what is more, you cannot run VLC Player of Firefox on it.

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In fact Windows 8 RT is for tablets only. So if you have desktop/laptop, opt for Windows 8 Pro. This is for new purchasers and even for those opting and wanting to upgrade to Windows 8.

But unless your system has following MINIMUM hardware features, better stick to Windows 7 or your current OS:

• 1GHz processor
• 1 GB RAM (32-bit) and 2 GM RAM for 64- bit
• At least 20 GM disk space (64-bit) or 16 GB in case of 32 bit.
• DirectX 9 Graphics device
• Screen Resolution 1024x768 pxls.

Now the big question - am I upgrading to Windows 8? Yes I am, provided Microsoft provides me a free touch screen monitor, when I purchase Windows 8. What about you?

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Horse-head shaped Nebula

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Horse-head shaped Nebula

Credit & Copyright: Nigel Sharp (NOAO), KPNO, AURA, NSF

Don't you think it really looks like a horse head? Well to me it does - what an amazing creation of the Nature.

Horse-head Nebula  is one of the most identifiable nebulae in the sky, the Horsehead Nebula in Orion, is part of a large, dark, molecular cloud. Also known as Barnard 33, the unusual shape was first discovered on a photographic plate in the late 1800s. The red glow originates from hydrogen gas predominantly behind the nebula, ionized by the nearby bright star Sigma Orionis. 

The darkness of the Horsehead is caused mostly by thick dust, although the lower part of the Horsehead's neck casts a shadow to the left. Streams of gas leaving the nebula are funneled by a strong magnetic field. Bright spots in the Horsehead Nebula's base are young stars just in the process of forming. Light takes about 1,500 years to reach us from the Horsehead Nebula. The above image was taken with the 0.9-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory.

Shared via NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day (21 October 2012)

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What to buy - iPad Mini or Nexus 7?

The race never finishes, both for the gadget makers and the gadget geeks.

Lately, there has been a a bombardment of gadgets like smartphones, tablets and pads not only providing countless options for the buyers, but also confusing them so much that at the end of the day, one feels exhausted, clueless and confused as to what to chose from the armada of gadgets and which one to discard.

Apple's iPad Mini vs Google's Nexus 7

Ask me if I want to chose between iPad mini by Apple and the Nexus - and I will give you an equally confused and laborious comparison that will make you throw your money in the Thames River and go home licking an ice cream cone. 

But hold on - there is someone making sense and I thought I should share and help those sitting holding their head and comparing the technical data of both gadgets. I came across one comparison at Chip Hazard by Wahaab JB which has given a good run down of the two gadgets for the benefit of us all.

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The final verdict of the expert says that Nexus 7 stands out well clear of iPad Mini for being cheap, portable and flexible, laced with a better display than non-retina iPad and is certainly more powerful.

The Nexus 7 cost much cheaper than the costly iPad Mini as the former costs $199 the minimum, while Apple's iPad Mini costs $329.

Do read the full comparison at Chip Hazard before making a decision to buy either of the two hot gadgets currently on shelf display.

And let me know which one you bought or preferred, so that I too can make a choice.

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AMD launches eight-core Piledriver Vishera FX processors

Good news for gadgets geeks!!

AMD, one of the leading and innovative chip designer, has released its Pile-driver desktop processors code named Vishera.

AMD showed off Vishera at IDF last month where The INQUIRER snapped a photo of an overclocked chip running at 5GHz. Now the company has taken the wraps off its eight-core Vishera chip, a processor that it hopes will finally bury memories of its disappointing Bulldozer Zambezi chip.

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AMD's Vishera processors will continue to use Socket AM3+, meaning it is a drop-in upgrade for those customers lumbered with Zambezi processors.

The firm announcing four models all branded with the FX moniker. The low-end Vishera chip is the quad-core FX-4300 clocked at 3.8GHz boosted up to 4.0GHz, with 4MB of Level 3 cache.

Read more about it: The Inquirer

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Official Jelly Bean (JB) Update For Galaxy S2 to be Released in November

OK this is good news for the gadget lovers and Samsung Galaxy SII users!!

While Samsung came out of the curtains and announced official Jelly Bean update for previous generation galaxy devices, the Korean giant has been quite silent regarding official announcement of Jelly Bean update for Galaxy S2. Finally you’ll be happy to know that Samsung has confirmed official Jelly Bean update for Galaxy S2, slated for release in November, reports Wahaab JB at Chip Hazard

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Samsung Sweden has confirmed to update the Galaxy S II to Android 4.1 Jelly Bean in November and also confirmed to update the Galaxy Note in Q4. Considering that we’re already in the fourth quarter of the year, we wouldn’t be surprised to see the Galaxy S2 receive the update at some point next month, with the phablet and tablet to receive it after the handset.

Read more about it: Chip Hazard

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HTC J Butterfly World’s First 5-Inch, Full HD Smartphone

Well well well! The war of the phone seems to be never ending. With the launch of Samsung Galaxy SIII, followed by Apple's iPhone 5 and yet followed by the Galaxy Mini and recently announced Apple iPhone 5 mini. 

And now HTC has also joined in the race with the laucnch of their HTC J Butterfly - subbed as the world first full 5-inch HD smartphone. Sounds impressive, isn't it.

Well for the lovers of Apple and Samsung, the HTC's latest phone may not sell like hot cakes, but for those who want something new, different and unique, Butterfly may be 'the' smartphone they have been looking for.

I came across HTC J Butterefly at Mashable and thought of sharing about it, for it may comes out to be better than many smartphones. However, this is a Japan specifc model 'so far' and it may take a while for this new phone to come out of the land of the rising sun and available for the rest of the world.

Laced with a 5-inch, 1080p display, the HTC J Butterfly has following features:

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A 5-inch behemoth with a full HD, 1080p, 440ppi resolution, making it one of the most advanced smartphone screens out there. For comparison, the iPhone 5′s retina screen has a 640×1,136 resolution at 326 ppi.

The device is powered by a quad-core, 1.5GHz Snapdragon S4 processor. It has 2GB of RAM, 16GB of storage and an 8-megapixel camera, and it’s running on Android 4.1 Jelly Bean.

The device is only 9.1mm thick, but it still has a solid 2,020mAh battery inside.

We hope HTC J Butterfly is available for the rest of the world too, as many smartphone lovers and hobbyists would love to have a competitive gadget side by side Apple and Samsung's latest devices.

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How To Unlock Jailbroken iPhone 4-3GS Running iOS 6 (Final) With UltraSnow Fixer

Those having Apple iPhones have a difficult road ahead - always as nothing works better unless there is a jailbreak solution for every app to be installed on the iPhone.

And if happen to be preserving your iOS device’s base-band for sometime, you’ll be glad to know that you can now unlock your jailbroken iPhone 4-3GS running iOS 6 with the latest version of UltraSnow Fixer. Find out how after the jump!

Wahaab JB at Chip Hazard tells us how it can be done. Here it how it goes:

Step 1 : Launch Cydia, Navigate to Manage>Source.

Step 2: Add the iparelhos repository by selecting Edit>Add,  type http://repo.iparelhos.com and then press Add Source.

Step 3: Download the latest official version of Ultrasn0w from Cydia.

Step 4: Now search for Ultrasn0w Fixer for 6.0 utility in Cydia. Tap the Install button and let Cydia work its magic.

That’s it!, by following these simple steps you’ll have an unlocked iOS device ready to be used by any GSM carrier in the World.

via Chip Hazard

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Planet with four suns discovered by astronomers

It has been a while that I wrote something about astronomy for the astronomy lovers. But today I have a news for the sky gazers both naked eye and telescopes. But the discovery I am going to talk about is far beyond normal telescopes.

I came across this news in the Business Recorder, which quoting AFP says that an international team of amateur and professional astronomers has discovered a planet whose skies are lit up by four suns -- the first known case of such a phenomenon.

The planet, located about 5,000 light years from Earth, has been dubbed PH1 in honor of Planet Hunters, a programme led by Yale University in the United States, which enlists volunteers to look for signs of new planets.

PH1 is orbiting two suns, and in turn is orbited by a second distant pair of stars. Only six planets are known to orbit two stars, researchers say, and none of those are orbited by other distant stars.

Interesting, isn't it?

Read more about it at the Business Recorder

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Now it is Apple's turn for a Mini

After Samsung unveiled its Samsung Galaxy SIII Mini, now it is Apple's turn to dish out a iPhone 5 Mini. iPhone 5 which is already slimmer, one wonders what its mini model will be like.

Any apprehensions notwithstanding, news is that Apple has sent out invitations on Tuesday for an event in exactly one week's time where the company is widely expected to unveil a new "iPad Mini," a smaller version of its market-leading tablet computer.

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Several news organisations received the invitations for the 23 October event taking place in San Jose, California. Reports have been swirling for months about the smaller version of the market-leading iPad, but Apple has made no comment.

Read more about it at iafrica

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Download RedSnow 0.9.15b1 (0.9.15 Beta 1) To Tethered Jailbreak [With Official Cydia] iOS 6 Running A4 Devices [Direct Link]

Good news for the iPhone users!!

The Apple's iPhone Development Team has finally made available the download of their updated jailbreak utility Redsnow version 0.9.15 Beta 1, which is now able to tethered jailbreak (including official Cydia) the public version of iOS 6 running A4 devices.

Also the re-restoring and downgrading of select devices from iOS 6 to an older firmware, or in case of re-restoring, from iOS 5.x to iOS 5.x has also been added in this RedSnow version as well, so there’s no need for using lengthy stitching procedures any more.

For other info regarding the restoration process and other information, visit the dev team’s blog. If your have an A4 device running iOS 6 and want to jailbreak with official Cydia, download RedSnow from links given as herein under:

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Download RedSnow 0.9.15b1 (0.9.15 Beta 1) For Windows [Direct Link]

Download RedSnow 0.9.15b1 (0.9.15 Beta 1) For Mac [Direct Link]

via Chip Hazard

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Fixing iPhone 5 Camera’s Purple Haze to cost iPhone loyalists $ 24.95 more

When you area loyalist of a gadget, you have to pay a little extra to keep and maintain it. And this what is going to happen to the Apple and iPhone 5 loyalists to fix the Purple Haze they may be experiencing when using the iPhone 5 camera.

Like many bugs that the Apple's newly launched iPhone 5 has, besides the map app, is the camera output which gives a purple haze and mars the picture quality. However, Apple has hurriedly responded to the issue, saying that users could remedy this by re-positioning the phone. But can this solve the problem?

Don’t worry, says Wahaab JB at Chip Hazard. Apple isn’t the only solution for this, you might be interested to hear that Fotodiox, an Illinois-based case-maker, has created an iPhone 5 case that it claims will fix that purple flare issue which the Cupertino company fails to solve.

CNET points to the new cover, which places a piece of rubber over the iPhone’s iSight lens to help keep stray light from coming in. Apparently it’s this extra light that causes the purple flare to show up in still photos and videos. See the following sample from the company which shows just how much their case is worth.

The camHoodie certainly looks like it would make a difference in your iPhone photos. You can buy this valuable add-on to your faulty-buggy iPhone 5 device from Fotodiox’s website for just $24.95. Is $24.95 too much?, well loyal Apple folks might beg to differ.

via Chip Hazard

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Mary Loosemore's Travelogue: from Chitral to Gilgit through Shandur Pass

Although I generally share all travel related posts in my blog Jaho Jalal, which is basically a travel blog, friends have suggested that since travelling is a hobby too, it should find some space in Hobby Shobbys. I found their argument weighty and am sharing a photo travelogue of Mary Loosemore - a British traveler, who had come to Pakistan in 2006 along with a group of adventurers to explore the Hindu Kush mountain range that is spread over Afghanistan and Pakistan. Its highest peak Tirich Mir is located in the Chitral valley - rather it overlooks the Chitral valley, and wherever one goes, one can find at gazing at you.

The Hindukush Adventurers: Standing (L to R) Rob, Mary, Ann, Zafar, Ali, Stanley, Benedict, Sitting (L to R) Patricia, Thelma, Joan, Annie, Amanda

I have already shared three Photo Travelogue of Mary Loosemore in Jaho Jalal, which includes the travel of the Mary's Hindukush expedition from Peshawar to Ayun over Lowari Pass, Ayun to Kalash Valley and Kalash Valley to Chitral. In that context, this post is the fourth Photo Travelogue that covers the travel of the Hindukush expedition from Chitral to Gilgit through the famous Shandur Pass. 

Here is how my last post 'Chitral - the land of Tirich Mir' ended:

After Chitral, the group ventured north and north east towards Shandur Pass and onward to Gilgit, the capital of Gilgit-Baltistan. The journey onward is through spectacular scenery, awesome overlooking mountains and lakes with reflections of snow covered peaks. The journey onward will be covered in my next post.

So here we go as the team leaves the comforts of Chitral and wanders along the scenic Hindukush range to Gilgit. The route from Chitral to Gilgit passes through Booni, Mastooj, Shandur Pass, Khonan Deh and Gilgit. The map above may be opened separately to know the details as I had to join 3-4 screen clips to make it one.

The group at the Hindukush Heights motel - resting for the day and being served tea upon arrival

On Day-11 of their travel, i.e. 8th of October 2006, the group left Chitral and headed towards Booni and had a night stay at the Hindukush Heights motel as seen above. The menu for the dinner included some local delicacies which were devoured with great delight by Mary's group. Here is what the menu for the dinner was:

The dinner included Chitrali Soup, Zera-Kishmish Pulao (Rice Pulao with cumin seeds and raisins), Aloo Gosht (Meat and Potato curry), Qofta Curry (meatballs curry), Bangan Burany ( a dish of eggplants), and of course Beans salad and Fresh Salad. The last one is my favourite: Apple Pie with cream.

Looking back: the early morning view of the Chitral Valley from the Hindukush Heights motel

After a day's rest at the Hindu Kush Heights, the adventurers headed towards Mastuj.

Travelling up to Mastuj, with Buni Zom (6,651 M) on the right

The Buni Zom is a group mountains about 50 kilometers northeast of Chitral town, and some 50 kilometers east of the mighty Tirich Mir.

Travelling along the Mastuj River on the dirt mountain track

Jeeps and drivers, at the Buni Zom look out point

From the Buni Zom Look Out Point, as seen above, Mary's group could look back along the Mastuj river towards Chitral and Tirich Mir, across the river loomed Buni Zom, and ahead lay the road and the river to Mastuj and the Shandur

Mary posing on the track to Mastuj


Spectacular Buni Zom Group of Mountains

Buni Zom group of mountains consists of 29 peaks, with highest rising to an altitude of 6,651 Meters. You may read about details of the Buni Zom group of mountains at Wikipedia from the link given at the end of the post.

Village at the foothills of Buni Zom, with jeep-able dirt track going down to Mastuj River


Mary on the Jeep at a rest point


The spectacular Mastuj Valley lit up by the afternoon sun


Mary at the Mastuj 'branch' of the Hindukush Heights Motel

Mastuj is a peaceful, quiet and scenic town in upper Chitral. The town is considered to be the  gateway to Shandur and Boroghil Passes. The extremely cold weather makes it conducive for walnuts, apples and grapes.

One of the landmarks of Mastuj is the remains of the Mastuj Fort which was built some 300 years ago. Before independence of Pakistan, it was the seat of the local Kushwaqt tribe which spread from northern Chitral to the territories of Ghizr and Yasin in Gilgit.

Not much is left of the old fort except its seven-feet thick walls of stone put together with wooden struts and plastered with mud. The six watch towers and the two dungeons have all fallen prey to a series of earthquakes.

Colonel Khushwaqt ul Mulk and his trainer being shown photos on digital camera by Ali

At Mastuj, the group was guests of Colonel Khushwaqt ul Mulk - an avid horse rider and son of the soil. The group had the honour of being his guests, a living legend for both Pakistan and people of Chitral. 

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However, four years later, the Colonel died on 12 February 2010 at the age of 96. At the time of his death, he was the senior most living officer of Pakistan Army. In fact he had received a letter from his old school in Dehra Dun, India stating that “after the demise of Gen. Dubey six month ago you are now the senior most living officer to be commissioned from the Indian Army”. He was laid to rest in Mastuj, Chitral district on February 13, 2010. He was a sportsman, a philanthropist, a social activist and a prominent figure of the country. 

The Colonel showing his apple press


Colonel with Anie


Looking back along the Laspur valley towards Mastuj 

After a tour of the Colonel's distillery, the group left Mastuj, taking the jeep track along the Laspur Gol towards the Shandur Pass.

The mountains ahead on way to Laspur Gol


The Shandur Pass, 12,250 Feet 

Located at a height of 12, 250 feet, the Shandur Pass is situated midway between Chitral and Gilgit. In winter the Pass is blanketed by heavy snow, which melts during summer making it a lush green place. Shandur Lake with its serene waters is on the top of the Pass that can be reached by jeep from either side. 

Shandur is famous for its annual Shandur Polo Tournament, which is generally held in the second week of July from 7-9 July. Since the initiation of the tournament, only two traditional teams from Chitral and Gilgit participate in the tournament.

Mary at the Shandur Pass


Shandur Pass and the dirt track with the expedition's jeep visible


Mountains' reflections in the lake at the top of the Shandur Pass


Mary at the footsteps of Shandur Polo Ground with the lake in the background


Tea Break at the Shandur Polo Ground


Hutments at Shandur


Mary at Shandur


Heading along the Gilgit river towards Phander

After a picnic at the watershed of the Shandur-Hundrup National Park, the group started theirdescent from the Shandur Pass - the literal high point of the trip - heading along the Gilgit river towards Phander. Once over the Pass, the group entered Gilgit District crossing out of the North West Frontier Province and into the Northern Areas, now called the Gilgit Baltistan Province.

Autumn colours along the Gilgit River


Gilgit Valley view - driving towards Phander


Arrival at the PTDC motel at Phander

Phander is a small town located in the Ghizer Valley of Gilgit Baltistan  The town is located at a distance of two hours drive from the Shandur Pass at a height of 3,743 M. The town is famous for its trout-filled waters and lush green fresh serene environs.

Gilgit River, Phander


Rob and "his" haul ot trout from the Gilgit river, Phander


The real fisherman, with Annie and Amanda


Camp Fire at Phander: Ann, Thelma, Ali, Zafar, Annie, Benedict

The night stay at Phander PTDC motel was a night to remember. The group raised a (small) glass of sloe gin and toasted the health, wealth and happiness of Mufti, Deman and Sawa - our lovely Chitrali jeep drivers.

Crossing Gilgit River and all water channels in the area is hair raising and dangerous - but that is how life goes on here


Bridge over Gilgit River: Panoramic View


"The correct form of address is 'Ma'am'", say the ladies, Mary and Amanda


Gilgit River - the purse turquoise blue water


Legs stretch time en route to Gilgit


Suspension bridge over Gilgit River


Fertile farmlands, orchards and the harvest - approaching Gilgit

Having reached Gilgit, the Hindukush Range comes to an end. From now on, it is travel in the Karakoram to wards Hunza and the Baltit Fort and back to Islamabad on the Karakoram Highway, the KKH.

I will cover the remaining part of the journey in my next post.

Previous Photo Travelogues of Mary Loosemore at Jaho Jalal:

Chitral - the Land of Tirich MirThe Fairyland of Kafir Kalash
To Ayun over Lowari Pass
Introduction to Hindu Kush Adventure

Read more about:

Buni Zom (Wikipedia)
Colonel Khuswaqt ul Mulk: | The Telegraph | Chitral News |
Ghizer District (Wikipedia)
Gilgit (Pakistanpaedia)
Gilgit Baltistan Province (Pakistanpaedia)

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